I recently had the privilege of getting to visit the campus of Central State Hospital in Milledgeville, GA. I call it a privilege because I love history and I love photographing old buildings, and the campus of Central State is full of history and old buildings. In this blog I’m going to share some of my photographs, with most likely more to come later as well, but I’m also going to share some of the history of CSH along with my experience walking the campus.
The Powell Building - Central State Hospital - Milledgevilla, GA - The Ricky Davis Gallery
The Georgia State Lunatic, Idiot, and Epileptic Asylum, as it was first called, accepted it’s first patient in 1842. It was also known as The Georgia State Sanitarium and Milledgeville State Hospital at different times, before changing it’s name to Central State Hospital. The hospital stayed open during the Civil War, and afterwards it housed some veterans who were left battling effects from PTSD, left homeless, or maimed during the war. I personally was very interested in this aspect of it’s history because of working on a Civil War History photo project as well. I was very curious if Sherman’s March to the Sea interfered with the hospital at all, but from what I’ve found, the Union Army did destroy much of Milledgeville, but they stayed away from the hospital.
The Powell Building - Central State Hospital - Milledgevilla, GA - The Ricky Davis Gallery
Initially, the institution strived to pattern itself after a family model. Under Doctor Thomas A. Green, who served until 1879, the hospital abolished some of the general practices in mental institutions of the time such as physical restraints such as chains and ropes for patients, and even went so far as Dr Green and the staff eating meals with the patients. Even still, there were class disparities with wealthy patients receiving better treatment. In the years following the Civil War, the patient growth really began to make this model struggle under the amount of patients coming in, and it started to become more uniform in manner. In 1872 the hospital had a ratio of 112 patients per physician, and it accelerated from there as families started sending their unwanted to the hospital regardless of their health issues.
Windows at the Powell building - Central State Hospital - Milledgeville, GA - The Ricky Davis Gallery
The accelerating growth of patients began to cause serious overcrowding issues. Dr, Theophilus O. Powell, who was a noted psychiatrist and the Superintendent from 1879-1907, worked to construct new buildings for housing, but the construction couldn’t keep up with the overcrowding. It was during this time that the Asylum’s name changed to the Georgia State Sanitarium. Diseases spread through the patients, such as tuberculosis. The disease outbreaks caused the legislature to look into the management of the facility but even with the outbreaks, counties kept sending their unwanted to the facility.
Outside the Powell Building - Central State Hospital - Milledgeville, GA - The Ricky Davis Gallery
By 1929, the name was changed again, this time to Milledgeville State Hospital. The hospital had 5,000 plus patients at this time and the population of patients kept exploding. It was during the time that electro-convulsive therapy and insulin shock therapy became common to try to manage the patient explosion. More construction was planned and buildings built, but by the early 1940’s the population had escalated past 9,000 patients at the facility.
Walkway between two buildings - Central State Hospital - Milledgeville, GA - The Ricky Davis Gallery
By the late 1950’s, the population was 11,000 plus at the hospital. It was in 1959 that reporter Jack Nelson of the Atlanta Constitution, began publishing several articles investigating the hospital for abuse. The abuse ranged from experimental drugs being given to patients without their or their family’s consent, doctors and nurses being drunk on the job, and a nurse performing major surgery without supervision. Nelson would win a Pulitzer Prize for his work on these articles and the government demanded an investigation.
Brantley Building - Central State Hospital - Milledgeville, GA - The Ricky Davis Gallery
After the investigation, the state built six more mental state hospitals to disperse the load at Milledgeville and it was renamed to Central State Hospital. In 1968, the patients population dipped below 10,000 for the first time in decades. Throughout the next several decades, more budget cuts continued to happen and the hospital was more and more buildings to downsize. In 2007, the dept of Justice was called in to investigate 42 patient deaths which seemed suspicious, and in turn decided to close the facility in 2010.
The Walker Building - Central State Hospital - Milledgeville, GA - The Ricky Davis Gallery
During my visit, I arrived in the early afternoon because I got delayed by numerous traffic issues driving into town. I didn’t get to photograph a few of the buildings that I really wanted to because the lighting at that time of day just wasn’t great. The complex is just huge. The first buildings I drove by were being used by the Georgia Dept of Corrections and I believe the Georgia Military College. A few other buildings on the campus are being used by private companies I believe. The main area that I was able to walk around and check out was from the Powell Building and the surrounding buildings. The Powell building which is in several of the photographs at the top of this post, is stunning. It was based on the Capital building. It was huge! There was honestly no way to even get the whole building in my shot, and I tried from multiple angles, even shooting wide angled. Straight across the street is a greenway area with lots of trees and benches. As I was walking around, I was just trying to think about all the different things I’ve read so far about CSH. At it’s height it had nearly 13,000 patients, and an estimated over 25,000 patients died during their time there. The green park like area was huge, and I just thought about what it must’ve looked like back in the day when so many people were there. It was really kind of a suffocating feeling thinking about the enormity of it all.
The Green Building - Central State Hospital - Milledgeville, GA - The Ricky Davis Gallery
It’s impossible to know the kind of things that took place at this facility. I do believe that some of the people really cared about the patients, and wanted to do things well. But looking back on history in places like this and knowing the kinds of abuse that has taken place at other facilities, and what was documented taking place here, it’s heartbreaking. The fact that Central State Hospital was open for three centuries and at one point was the largest mental hospital in the United States, and that in 2007 they still had 42 patient deaths that had to be investigated by the Dept of Justice, that’s just astonishing to me. Sometimes we look back on history and think to ourselves at how much we’ve progressed from those days. These days were simply 14 years ago when it was shut down.
The Central Chapel - Central State Hospital - Milledgeville, GA - The Ricky Davis Gallery
Now the talk has become about demolishing several of the buildings. There’s been a plan put out to rename the campus. Talk about what can we use the land for and get rid of these decaying buildings. In reality it’s let’s get rid of the past, let’s hide our history. Too many times I think we are hiding our past, trying to erase unpleasant parts of our history. We need these reminders. We need to see what was done before us, and remember not to do this again. We need to know the mistakes of the past to not repeat them. We demonize other countries and cultures for doing similar things as to what we have done at various times in our own country. We need to preserve this history.
I truly hope that I’ve not bored you out of your mind and that you’ve enjoyed the photographs and a brief overview of the history. I’m going to include a few links to check out if you’d like to read more, as it’s where I was able to get some of my information on the history.
I do plan on visiting Milledgeville again because there are some other buildings I’d like to photograph, as well as shoot some of it on film. One thing I didn’t get to do was view any of the insides which would be a dream to get to photograph more of the buildings to get a deeper since of the history and what took place there. When I photograph abandoned places, my rule of thumb has always been that I will not go in places that I can’t get permission to be in. A lot of people into URBEX photography and exploring don’t follow that, that’s just been the way I operate out of respect. I do hope to be able to get in touch with someone to where maybe I can see a little more of these amazing facility.
- Ricky
The Powell Building - Central State Hospital - Milledgeville, GA - The Ricky Davis Gallery